Головна
Гуманітарні
| Попередня | Наступна |
|
xiv Preface ing or teaching the Ukrainian language is the very richness that we are describing. In terms of the lexicon, for example, the traveller will note strong differences between East and West Ukraine: this is a function not only of the great distances involved (approximately 900 kilometres from East to West), but also of the perceived 'Russianness' of the East, and 'Polishness' of the West. While Soviet rule was indeed responsible for a certain Russianization of the language, care must be taken not to identify word 'X' or 'Y' as 'Russian', and therefore as 'not Ukrainian'. In practice, bilingualism in Ukrainian and Russian has led to the common use of a number of (originally Russian) words in everyday Ukrainian: one speaker might say телефонувати 'to phone', while another might prefer дзвонити; the first speaker might avoid дзвонити because it looks and sounds like Russian звонить. We have made every effort to describe Ukrainian from a neutral standpoint, viz. by including some words or constructions that may be of Russian origin - if they are currently used by a reasonable number of people. Ukrainian: A Comprehensive Grammar is not primarily meant to teach Ukrainian (other books are available for that), but presents the standard language in a systematic and user-friendly fashion. We use the word 'standard' with caution here, as there is a great deal of variation in the language: for example, often there can be more than one acceptable case ending in a given set of nouns (Chapter 2); in the dialects one finds even greater variation, but that must remain the subject of another study. Variation can extend to pronunciation as well, as in all languages: the city name Львів L'viv (Russian Львов L'vov), for instance, is described in 'standard' works (for example, ULVN) as [PvJiw]; this is certainly how it is pronounced in western Ukraine, and in L'viv itself, but in other parts of the country - and even on national radio - it can be heard to be pronounced [lJvUf] as well as [lMiw]. Some might argue that the former is a result of Russian influence (and therefore incorrect), while others might consider this variant to be a native phenomenon. The structure of the book is as follows: a general table of contents lists major subdivisions of the chapters (for example, the noun, declensions, and such), together with lists of subheadings, so that the reader can immediately find the particular subject they are looking for. Each chapter first presents the material (the Ukrainian verb, for example), then describes how it is used, with examples throughout; the word-formational processes characteristic of the major grammatical categories (verb, noun, adjective) are also described in some detail. For individual items - such as key grammatical words or topics the index will be of additional help. Lists of grammatical terms (in both English and Ukrainian) and of abbreviations used are provided at the beginning of the book; abbreviations referring to sources consulted can be found at the end of the Bibliography. Readers who are interested in furthering their study of the language or literature are encouraged to refer to the bibliography at the end of the book; this lists grammars, dictionaries, and other sources, |
Bи можете завантажити дану книгу в DJVU-форматі для ознайомлення:
скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.