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4 THE PRONOUN 4.0 GENERAL Trask (1993: 221-2) defines pronouns as The lexical category, or a member of this category, whose members typically function as noun phrases in isolation, not normally requiring or permitting the presence of determiners or other adnominals, and whose members typically have little or no intrinsic meaning or reference', and he divides them into personal, reflexive, demonstrative, indefinite, interrogative, and relative. In discussing pronouns it is also useful to refer to their role as anaphors, in that they may refer to, or Чаке their interpretations from, other items in the same sentence or discourse' (ibid., p. 15): 'John saw the book' - 'He saw it', and as deictics, in that they may 'make crucial reference to such factors as the time or place of speaking or the identity or location of the speaker, the addressee or other entities' (ibid, p. 75): 'this', 'that' (in the context of pronouns). The vocative, insofar as it might be needed, is identical with the nominative. 4.1 PERSONAL PRONOUNS We note that the personal pronouns for the first and second persons are declensionally quite anomalous (as often happens in languages), the first persons being suppletive as between the nominative and the other cases. The third-person pronouns too are suppletive, the nominatives having been supplied from the distal demonstrative *он of Proto-Slavonic, still surviving in certain Slavonic languages or in set phrases in others. The endings of the non- nominative case forms are not anomalous, and reflect those found in the adjective, given that the Ukrainian adjective is historically (in its non-short form) composed of the nominal short adjective, to which the third person pronoun was added (the original nominative shows up here). Note that the first- and second-person plural pronouns are not strictly the actual plurals of the first- and second-person singular pronouns, but for the first person an inclusive form and for the second a form which may or may not include anyone but the first person. We capitalize the second-person plural pronouns (some native speakers recommend capitalization of the second-person singular pronouns too, something which we occasionally do in examples). Though there is a certain amount of variation, it is possible to generalize that the nominative case forms of the personal pronouns are normally |
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скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.