40 Ukrainian: A Comprehensive Grammar Thus we note that groups of three or more consonants are usually simplified by the deletion of one of them, usually internal to the group; the deletion is often reflected in the spelling, but it may lead to a change not reflected in the spelling: ждн - жн: тиждень - тижня week здн - зн: проїзд - проїзний passage - ticket стн - сн: пристрасть - пристрасний passion - passionate стл - сл: стелити - слати to make up a bed скн - сн: тиск - тиснути pressure - to squeeze зкн - зн: бризка - бризнути splash - to splash нт + ськ —> [їдок]: студентський of students ст + ськ -» [s*k]: туристський of tourists нт + ст —>[nst]: агентство agency ст 4- ц —> [s»ts>]: солістці soloist (D.L.sg.) ст + д —> [zd]: шістдесят sixty ст + —» [s:]: шістсот six hundred In some words there is no simplification: кістлявий bony пестливий tender, delicate хвастливий boastful випускний of something that comes out рискнути to take a risk 1.1.13 GEMINATION AND LENGTHENING OF CONSONANTS These are found exclusively between vowels: подружжя wedlock, marriage новосілля house-warming обличчя face тінню shadow (l.sg.) Compare: щастя happiness, luck радістю joy (l.sg.) Note the pronunciation (and spelling) of the present tense of лити (also derivatives): ллю, ллєш, ллє, ллємо, ллєте, ллють It should be borne in mind that the following consonants never lengthen, but remain combined with [j]: [b], [p], [P], [m], [f], [r], namely the labials and [r]: з любов'ю with love верф'ю dockyard (l.sg.) пір'я feather(s) сім'я family Lengthening is conveyed in the spelling by doubling or gemination. This occurs on morpheme boundaries:
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