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Introduction 3 simply because (і) there have been so many, used for so many years, and (ii) because it is sometimes difficult to decide whether a particular word is actually a Russian word or one that is of common East Slavonic origin. In the case of спір, one can argue that the latter is the case: (i) it is attested already in the fifteenth century (as спорь), albeit semantically somewhat different from its modern counterpart; and (ii) it reflects the vocalic evolution of о - і in a closed syllable; if this word were a recent borrowing, it would be unlikely to reflect this feature. A 1997 dictionary of Ukrainian, under the English headword 'argument', gives both суперечка and спір, with the former evidently as the first choice; in the 1997 orthographic dictionary, however, the latter is absent. Future grammars and dictionaries, then, will present us with the officially 'accepted' words that make up the Ukrainian lexicon; but, as ever, what is actually used in speech or writing by an individual is a function of his/ her choice. 0.1.1 SHARED EAST SLAVONIC LEXICON A discussion of the Ukrainian lexicon begins with the historical developments outlined in 0.0. The development of this component of the language began with a pool of lexemes shared by all of the modern East Slavonic languages. Thus, lexemes basic to all three will be more or less identical (allowing for historical phonological changes specific to each individual language); this will include kinship terms such as 'brother', 'mother', 'son', 'sister', personal and possessive pronouns T, 'you', and so on, 'my', 'your', 'his', and so on, lexemes denoting basic realia of life 'house', 'table', and so on. Compare (note that stresses are not marked in this Introduction): Ukrainian брат мати сестра син я ти він ми ДІМ стіл Verbs: читати писати ходити Belarusian брат маці сястра СЬІН я ТЬІ єн МЬІ дом стол чьітаць пісаць хадзіць Russian брат мать сестра СЬІН я ТЬІ он МЬІ дом стол читать писать ходить Meaning brother mother sister son I you (sg) he we house table to read to write to go |
Bи можете завантажити дану книгу в DJVU-форматі для ознайомлення:
скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.