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4 Ukrainian: A Comprehensive Grammar Adjectives: зелений зяленьї зеленьїй green молодий маладьі молодой small старий старьі старий old One of the lexical developments that further distanced Russian from the other two languages was the widespread adoption by codifiers of Russian of words, forms of words, and word-formational processes from Church Slavonic, the liturgical language of the East Slavonic (Russian) Orthodox Church. This can be explained as a result of the transfer of the seat of the Church to northern Rus' (ultimately Muscovy) during the Tatar period, as well as of Polish rule over the Ukrainian-Belarusian lands. The influence of the Orthodox Church was therefore minimal in Ukraine, while it grew in stature and societal importance in Muscovy. Although it is true that, during the end of the sixteenth and beginning of the seventeenth centuries, a number of Church Slavonic grammars and dictionaries appeared in Ukraine- Belarus', they were written in order to counteract the use of the Polish literary language and the influence of the Catholic Church. But the effect was to create a kind of diglossic relationship between the language of the Church and the spoken local language: one was limited to the Church and learned writing, the other was used in everyday life. In the end, the latter took little from Church Slavonic, and Church Slavonic was not used as a source during the process of codification in later centuries. 0.1.2 POLISH LEXICON The Polish period was, therefore, crucial for the current shape of Ukrainian, because of the role of Polish itself and because of the reduced role of Church Slavonic for a prolonged length of time. The development of the Ukrainian vocabulary can be described as two-pronged: (i) the straight borrowing of Polish lexemes that would not be perceived as specifically East Slavonic (i.e. that are somehow different), and (ii) the semantic shift of a number of lexemes that were ultimately from the same Slavonic source under the influence of the meaning of corresponding Polish forms. The following examples are but a very few that could be listed (thousands belong in the first group): (і) дякую, дякувати 4hank you', 'to thank', but Rus. спасибо, благодарю, благодарить. But: Ukr. спасибі, 'thanks' most likely shared East Slavonic, cf. Pol. dziqkujq. вдячний 'thankful', cf. Pol. wdziqczny, but Rus. благодарньїй. ґанок 'steps', 'porch', cf. Pol. ganek < Ger. Gang, but Rus. крьільцо. навіть 'even' (adv.), Pol. nawet; but Rus. даже. місце 'place', Pol. miejsce, Rus. место (cf. місто under (ii)). |
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скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.