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196 Ukrainian: A Comprehensive Grammar One may note set phrases such as по двоє 'in pairs', 'two by two', вдвоє + comparative 'twice as ...' (as = than ...) (see Chapter 3). 5.1.6 APPROXIMATION In order to express 'about', 'approximately' with numerals, we can use words such as the prepositions біля + G., близько + G., and з + A. 'about', or the indefinite adverb десь 'somewhere' in front of the quantity: Марія читала книжку біля трьох годин. Mariya was reading the book for about three hours. Це сталося з десять тижнів тому. This happened about ten weeks ago. Скільки? З двадцять доларів. How much? About twenty dollars. Десь чотири градуси морозу було вночі. There were somewhere around four degrees of frost during the night. Близько трьох днів я був у Києві. І was in Kyiv for more or less three days. For numbers above 'one', we can simply invert the order in which the numeral and the object occur: сантиметрів два-три 'about two to three centimetres', років чотири 'about four years'. If there is a preposition involved, the number will precede the preposition + noun phrase: Він пішов годин на дві 'Не went for about two hours'. Note from these examples that the measurement will then appear in the genitive plural, no matter what the number is ('Of the set of "centimetres", we have the number X'); some speakers may nevertheless prefer to keep the noun in the case specified by the number (години на ДВІ). 5.1.7 DISTRIBUTION By 'distribution' we mean the construction which conveys 'one coat each', 'five apples each', and so on. The core of this construction is the preposition no plus the quantifier phrase conveying what each has. Where the quantity 'each' has is more than one, the quantifier phrase is expressed in the accusative (perhaps it is simpler to say 'nominative', since, were one to have 'two slaves each', the nominative would be used, i.e. there is no reflection of ani- macy, something which is hardly surprising given the meaning); where the quantity 'each' has is 'one', the quantifier phrase is expressed in the dative case. The possessor will be expressed as appropriate, with кожен 'each' not at all superfluous. Here are two examples: |
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скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.