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6 THE VERB 6.0 GENERAL The Ukrainian verbal system is, in general terms, very similar to that which is found in the other East Slavonic languages (Russian and Belarusian) as well as in West Slavonic (Polish, Czech, Slovak, and Upper and Lower Sorbian). This system is driven by the existence of'aspectual' distinctions, which reflect the nature of the action expressed by the verb (see 6.1); the tense system is loosely dependent on the aspect of the verb (6.1). Although this may at first seem to be complex, it does in fact mean that the number of tenses is strictly limited in comparison with such languages as French, Spanish, German, and even English. The verb is fully conjugated in the present tense ('non-past', see 6.1, 6.3.1.1, 6.3.1.2), such that a complete paradigm exists expressing person (T, 'you', and so on) and number ('singular', 'plural'); the past is comparatively minimalist, expressing only number and gender in the singular and number in the plural (6.3.2). Following a presentation of aspect (6.2) and the verbal paradigms (6.3), 6.4 examines the use of the verb (including aspect, verbs requiring particular cases, and such notions as the 'conditional' or 'mood', and so on); 6.5 describes the system of verbal derivation. 6.1 ASPECT AND TENSE Practically every verb in Ukrainian exists as a member of an aspectual pair. There are two 'aspects' in the system, 'imperfective' and 'perfective'; readers who are familiar with languages such as French and Spanish are cautioned not to assume this can be equated with the respective tenses in those languages known as the 'imperfect' and 'perfect': although some parallels can be drawn between the use of Ukrainian aspects and Romance tenses, they are not equivalent. The two aspects, in very broad terms, express two different kinds of action. The imperfective expresses action of a general nature, ongoing, or repetitive; the perfective, on the other hand, expresses the fact that an action is one-time, completed ('completion' can also mean any one particular point during a larger action), or restricted in some way. Thus, for example: Він читав книжку. Не was reading a/the book. vs. Він прочитав книжку. Не read (finished reading) the book. |
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скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.