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204 Ukrainian: A Comprehensive Grammar These are basic rules of thumb, but there are many instances when it will appear that they are violated. The important point for English speakers is the fact that there are sometimes no clear or exact boundaries between the use of verbs of one or the other aspect; occasionally a verb of either aspect is acceptable in a given situation, and even a native speaker would say that he or she is unable to say which form is 'right' or 'wrong'. Far from being a negative point, this shows that there are often no absolutes, and the learner is encouraged to note particular usages, whether in speech or in writing, and follow them. We shall discuss aspect in more detail in the following sections, in connection with tense, conjugation, syntax, and word formation. There are three tenses in Ukrainian: present, past, and future. Because of their very general nature, imperfective verbs have all three; as perfective verbs essentially express completed action, however, they can have no present tense - what is past is past, but what looks like a present tense form in a perfective verb therefore on the whole expresses future time. In this book we shall use the term 'non-past' in reference to the present tense forms of imperfective verbs and the future tense forms of perfectives, as they are exactly the same in form, differing with regard to tense only for aspectual reasons. Unlike many European languages, the standard Ukrainian language admits only one compound tense, that of one form of the imperfective future (much as in English: I will/shall read the book). In section 6.2 we describe the formal side of the aspectual system, by supplying aspectual pairs and outlining how the learner can come to recognize the aspect of a given verb. The various tense forms are examined in 6.3, while the intersection of tense and aspect is described in 6.4. 6.2 ASPECTUAL PAIRS Both imperfective and perfective verbs can be the 'basic' form, from which corresponding perfective or imperfective verbs are generated. In essence, there are six types of imperfective-perfective pairs: 1 Pairs in which the imperfective (usually a simplex verb) is basic; the perfective member of the pair is generated by the addition of a prefix (X: prefix + X). 2 Pairs in which the sole difference between the two aspectual variants is the vowel preceding the infinitive marker -ти, generally imperf. -а-/-я-, perf. -и- (X - ати/-яти : Х-ити). 3 Pairs in which an expansion of the root or stem takes place in the formation of an imperfective based on a perfective, by means of: (a) the addition of an imperfectivizing suffix -ува-/-юва or -ава- to a prefixed perfective (prefixed X: prefixed X + ува/ава), as in: доносити - |
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скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.