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6 Ukrainian: A Comprehensive Grammar Soviet lexical inventory (political, (Soviet Russian) economic, and the like); this phenomenon is examined in 0.1.3. 0.1.3 RUSSIAN LEXICON The growth of the Russian contribution to the Ukrainian lexicon during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries can be attributed in part to the gradual industrialization of some of the regions of the Russian Empire: new industries, new products, new words. Of course, many of these new lexemes were internationalisms in any event, and represent borrowings in Russian as well; the source languages were primarily French and German, and ultimately often Latin-based. It is easy to see how this component of the Ukrainian lexicon developed, as specialist terminology in a variety of disciplines (socioeconomic, political, educational, scientific) developed very quickly during the eighteenth century in Russia. Ukraine was part of the empire, ruled by Russians. Russian and Ukrainian used practically identical alphabets, and the languages were closely related: the adoption of ready-made lexemes could not have been easier. Naturally the same is true of the twentieth century, but the nature of the borrowings was different for political reasons; the following might be termed neutral borrowings, if only because they were adopted without overtly political meanings: документ, матеріал, психологія, серйозний, період, делікатність, сфера, національний, максимум, проблема, інтерес, оригінальність, трагічний, et al. It is naturally difficult to determine when exactly words of this type entered the language; it is also possible that some (or even many) were used before the annexation of Ukraine by Russia, but that their semantic coloration could have changed under the influence of Russian. It is much easier to identify Russian words adopted, given, or simply used during the Soviet period (but note again that these are international in nature): партійний, соціалізм, революція, пленум, культ (as in культ особи 'personality cult'), класовий, колектив, фашизм, et al. It bears repeating, however, that the influx of Russian words during the Soviet period was not entirely political, as Ukrainian-Russian bilingualism also led to the common use of neutral Russian lexemes. But the role of Russian throughout Soviet society was openly declared to be that of (i) the language of all Soviet peoples and (ii) the source language for the enrichment of the other languages of the Soviet Union. It is now no longer the language of all former Soviet citizens, but a language; a language that is commonly being avoided in some of the former republics with established, old literary traditions of their own (such as the Baltic states, Georgia, Armenia). It is also no longer the source language for neologisms in languages outside of the |
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скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.