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Introduction 7 Russian Federation - with the possible exception of Belarus'; for Ukrainian in particular, the question will be 'What will happen to Russian lexemes that once enriched the language?' A very good discussion of current debates among linguists and codifiers in Ukraine (regarding the standardization of Ukrainian with reference to all major components of the language) can be found in Pickurel (1998). As a final note on the role of Russian, there exists a mixed Russian- Ukrainian form of speech known as surzyk. Although it is thought that it originally arose as a mixed form of language among peasants, in the recent past it has been used - mainly by the young - in certain well-defined contexts, for example, in popular music, as a way of expressing irony, protest, or simply of making a statement. As a non-standard form of speech, it is not generally found in print and has no effect on Ukrainian in general; indeed, the use of surzyk now tends to be decreasing (Pickurel 1998: 242). 0.1.4 UKRAINIAN TODAY In the passages above, as in the Preface to this book, we have noted that there can be great variation in Ukrainian. In the grammatical sphere, this primarily consists of the existence of variant case endings in the noun. The pronunciation of Ukrainian can also vary, according to region and individual speaker; although this can be a function of one's dialect, we also note occasional variation under the influence of Russian (as noted in the Preface regarding the realization of the city name Львів as [Pv4w] or [IMif], where the second variant reflects Russian influence: compare the Russian variant [P'vof]). The lexicon is that component of the language which can undergo the fastest transformation: before 1991, it was Russian which served as the source language; today, given the rapid attempts to transform the Ukrainian economy into a market economy, English business and advertising terminology is widely encountered in the media. Whether or not the new lexemes are retained in the language of the future remains to be seen, and may depend on the success of the market economy in the long run; English-based computer terminology is likely to remain, however, as the use of computers grows. Perhaps more importantly for the living spoken language is the language of the young: since Ukraine has opened up to the West, western (and especially English-language) popular culture is adopted and widely imitated. English- language teaching programmes, many of them private enterprises, are to be found in appreciable numbers in all of the large cities of the country; those who are learning the language are primarily - but not exclusively - the young. The effect that all of these factors will have on Ukrainian of the future can only be surmised, but here we may take German, which has been under the strong influence of English-language culture since the 1950s, as a point of comparison. An English speaker who peruses German popular magazines, watches German television (especially advertisements), and speaks to young |
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скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.