214 Ukrainian: A Comprehensive Grammar -ава- уставати 'to stand up', 'rise' устаю устаєш устає устаємо устаєте устають -ува- працювати 'to work' працюю працюєш працює працюємо працюєте працюють -ува- вираховувати 'to calculate precisely' вираховую вираховуєш вираховує вираховуємо вираховуєте вираховують The only difference between the -(а)ва- and -(у)ва-/-(ю)ва- types is the place of stress: in the former stress is always on the absolute final vowel; in the latter stress is on stem-final -y- (or -ю-) if the infinitive is stressed as in працювати, while it follows the place of stress of the infinitive if it occurs in any position further to the left, as in вираховувати. пити, бити, вити, лити: STRESS: STABLE THROUGHOUT These four common verbs also belong to the greater set of vowel +j stems, although they too are treated separately in most presentations of the Ukrainian verb. Here again 'j' is present at the end of the stem, but it is not overtly preceded by a vowel; in linguistic terms we would say that a 'zero' vowel is present, and the reasons for their inclusion here will become clear in the discussion of imperatives (6.3.4), as they follow the 'vowel + j' type even more closely in the imperative than they do in the non-past: пити 'to drink' п'ю п'єш п'є п'ємо п'єте п'ють бити 'to hit', б'ю б'єш б'є б'ємо б'єте б'ють 'strike', 'beat' вити '1 в'ю в'єш в'є в'ємо в'єте в'ють In verbs of this kind, as the consonant before 'j' is a labial, an apostrophe indicates that this consonant is in fact hard, or not palatalized (see 1.1.6); prefixed forms of these verbs conjugate in the same fashion. In the one verb in which the consonant is not a labial, the effect of the 'j' is to lengthen that consonant and preserve the softness: лити 'to pour' ллю ллєш ллє ллємо ллєте ллють
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