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246 Ukrainian: A Comprehensive Grammar with individuals as a mark of respect (i.e. with people one either does not know or whose position requires respect) or in reference to more than one person. 6.4.3.3.1 Positive commands: ти and Ви The aspect of an imperative is crucial to the correct delivery of an intended message. Commands of a general nature - in the form of suggestions, guidelines as to manner of action, and likewise - will require the imperfective aspect, while a specific command (pertaining to most situations) will usually be formed from perfective verbs. Compare the following two groups of examples, the first of which can be described as 'general', the second as 'specific': 1 Говоріть повільно, будь ласка. Говори українською (мовою), Ольго. Пишіть ясно, будь ласка. Відповідайте, коли знаєте відповідь. 2 Скажіть, будь ласка, де Іван. Запиши свою відповідь. Прочитайте восьму лекцію. Візьми книжку - вона дуже цікава. Вибачте! Speak slowly, please. Speak in Ukrainian, Ol'ha. Please write clearly. Answer when you know the answer. Please tell (me) where Ivan is. Write down your answer. Read lesson eight. Take the book - it's very interesting. Sorry! (Excuse me!) The imperfective may be used for specific commands if there is some urgency to the request; thus (i) if the action is required immediately or (ii) if the request had been made once (using the normal perfective) but had not been acted upon and needed repeating. Note the following examples: Іване, відчиняй вікно! Прочитайте першу сторінку. Ну, читайте! Стій! Ivan, open the window! Read the first page. Well, read! Stop! (lit.'Stand!'cf. 6.4.1.4) 6.4.3.3.2 Negative commands: ти and Ви The rule of thumb for negative commands is: (a) imperfective for neutral statements and (b) perfective when a sense of warning is implied; the latter might express 'be careful', 'not to', 'lest...'. Compare: He говори мені про це - це нецікаво. Не скажи йому: це таємниця. Не читай цей розділ. Іде дощ; не забудь парасольку. Don't tell me about this - it's uninteresting Don't tell him: it's a secret. Don't read this chapter. It's raining; don't forget the umbrella. |
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скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.