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250 Ukrainian: A Comprehensive Grammar 6.4.3.5 Results of an action: in force or annulled The use of a verb in the past tense, unless accompanied by specific contextual information, can imply - merely by virtue of its aspect - whether or not the results of an action are still in force or have been annulled. The perfective past implies that the results are still in force, while the imperfective indicates that something happened to annul them; this is true of verbs of motion as well as other verbs. Thus: Оксана відчинила вікно; тепер холодно. Oksana opened the window; now it's cold. (The window is still open.) Сьогодні вранці Катерина відчиняла вікно. (Хто його зачинив?) This morning Kateryna opened the window. (Who closed it?) Марко прийшов о шостій (і Вас чекає). Marko arrived at 6 (and he's waiting for you). Де Оля! - Вона приходила о десятій, але треба було повернутися додому. Where's Olya? - She came at 10, but had to return home. 6.4.4 THE PASSIVE In many languages actions may be described as 'active' as opposed to 'passive': in the former 'X does Y', while in the latter 'Y is done by X' ('John reads the book' vs. 'The book is read by John'). There are three ways of expressing passive actions in Ukrainian: (1) by means of the past passive participle, (2) the particle -ся, and (3) the 3/?/. form of the verb. 6.4.4.1 Use of the past passive participle (PPR): attributive The past passive participle is the only form that unambiguously expresses the notion 'passive' in the Ukrainian language; as we noted earlier, the present passive is no longer used in Ukrainian (apart from forms frozen as adjectives). The PPR is only formed from transitive verbs (see 6.3.5.2), since the object of the action functions as the subject of the passive sentence. In contrast to other Slavonic languages, the PPP. can be either perfective or imperfective, although perfective formations are in practice far more common (compare Russian, in which it is perfective in almost all instances). A perfective refers to an action that has been completed, while an imperfective form refers to an ongoing or lasting act in the past. Note that the form of the PPP. is that of an adjective, and, as such, when modifying a noun it must agree with it in case, gender, and number. Examples (with literal translations): |
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скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.