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308 Ukrainian: A Comprehensive Grammar 'indirect/reported speech' has to be taken in a broad sense. The phenomenon basically goes with all verbs of communication. 16 Note that we can identify an indirect question in English by the fact that 'whether' will be an acceptable alternative to 'if. If this is not the case, then a conditional sentence, with як, якщо, коли, or якби, коли б must be used. See the following section. 17 The selection of the case of the predicate in copular sentences is quite a complex matter. If the copula is the present tense of the verb бути, unexpressed, then we have the nominative: Він професор 'He's a professor'. If expressed, then we may have the instrumental, say if the predicate comes first. In addition to бути, there are pseudo-copulae, for example, ставати/стати, (з)робйтися 'to become', зватися, називатися 'to be called', здаватися/здатися 'to seem'. With the pseudo-copulae the instrumental is more common, though the nominative is possible. With бути, outside the present tense, either the nominative or the instrumental is acceptable, though the latter is more common. However, if the predicate is an adjective, the nominative is more common (hence the difference in the examples in the main text) and is indeed obligatory where the copula is zero. With pseudo-copulae like здаватися 'to seem', уявлятися 'to appear', вважатися 'to be considered', the adjective is likely to be in the instrumental. There is also the construction бути за + A.; this actually means 'to be like': Він мені був за брата 'Не was a brother to me' (Shev.: 979-80). |
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скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.