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Notes 307 8 This suffix is very often, but not always, stressed. Unstressed examples would be хоробрий 'brave', хоробріший, обережний 'prudent', 'cautious', обережніший. Sometimes two stresses are possible. The stress tends to stay on the basic stem in adjectives with suffixes such as -ат-, -аст-, -ист-, -ІЧН-/-ИЧН-, -ОВИТ-. 9 There is retraction of stress in the accusative-genitive of я, ти, він, себе, весь, хто, що, той, цей (сей), and the locative of весь, хто, що, той, цей (сей), after prepositions. 10 Немає (немає is often recommended rather than нема) is also the general expression for 'There isn't/aren't', and as such is constructed with the genitive case of what is absent/missing, for example, Удома немає хліба 'There's no bread at home'. The positive form is c, constructed usually with the nominative, though one may find the partitive genitive. In the past one has не було + G. in the negative and in the positive the appropriate form of був (neuter for partitives). In the future one has не буде + G. for the negative and in the positive the appropriate form of the future paradigm. 11 = two females; if two males, then один одного, if mixed then одне одного; note that the first component does not change, while the second goes into the case appropriate to the governing verb or is preceded by a preposition, for example, Вони розмовляли один з одним — note the initial stress of the second component. See also Chapter 4, 4.1. This unexpected stress is to be found in several similar expressions: всі до одного 'every single one', ні одного 'not one' (case as required). If one considers all these as instances where we have a compound construction, then, somewhat as with prepositions plus certain pronouns, we have a small generalization about stress retraction. 12 Needless to say, the subordinate clause is susceptible to profound investigation and analysis; however, for the purposes of this grammar, where general accessibility is paramount, this is minimized. 13 It is difficult to differentiate і/й and та. Synjavs'kyj (1941: 333-7) goes into considerable detail, concluding that та in general is more likely to coordinate grammatically and semantically like elements (usually also rather simple); he sees the difference as emerging particularly in compound sentences, where та is more likely to coordinate simultaneous events, such as іде та кричить 'is walking and shouting', but став і кричить 'got up/stopped and shouts'. 14 An anonymous reader has assured us that, even with two singular 'separated' subjects, the main verb in these two sentences will be plural. This requires more investigation, including, of course, where one of the subjects is first or second person. 15 In reading Ukrainian you will constantly note flexibility in the use of tenses, with the non-past very often selected in order to make the message more vivid. Do note too that the word 'speech' in the term |
Bи можете завантажити дану книгу в DJVU-форматі для ознайомлення:
скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.