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32 Ukrainian: A Comprehensive Grammar If the consonant before the apostrophe is a prefix or a part of a prefix, then it may be softened by the [j], for example: під'їхати to drive up to (not softened) з'їзд congress з'явитися to appear (both softened) Thus it is used after the labials (п'ять 'five'), after p at the end of a syllable (бур'ян 'weed(s)', кур'єр 'courier'), after a prefix or the first component of a compound word (з'їхати 'to come down', дит'ясла 'creche'), and in foreign words (комп'ютер 'computer', ад'ютант 'adjutant'). If there is no [j], there is no apostrophe: свято 'holiday', 'feast', цвях 'nail', морквяний 'of a carrot (морква)' - we note that the consonant here is a labial, and the consonant before it belongs to the root. We find the same in foreign words (especially from French): бюро office пюпітр reading desk фюзеляж fuselage Before [d] the jot ([j]) is conveyed by й or ь (or even both), so here there is no need for the apostrophe: Воробйов (family name) серйозний serious бульйон bouillon Here are a few more examples: ти б'сш [t'l bj'ej] You beat об'єкт object від'їзд [v*idj'izd] departure п'ять [pjatJ] five п'ю. [pj'u] I drink. здоров'я [zdor'ovja] health ф'юкати [fj'ukati] to whistle, hiss м'який [mjaki'j] soft з матір'ю [z~m'atHrju] with mother 1.1.9 CONSONANT ALTERNATIONS4 One of the initial difficulties in learning Ukrainian is the need to build up vocabulary; this task can be aggravated if one is not aware of certain quite regular changes which occur in many common words and are reflected in the spelling. Here we mention three important consonantal alternations. (і) [к]-[ІІ|,[Ь]-[з],[х]-Ш = к-н,г-ж,х-ш рік - річний - річниця year - annual - anniversary бік - бічний - бочастий side - lateral - with large sides слуга - служити - служба servant - to serve - service книга - книжка - книжник book - book - bibliophile друг - друже - дружина friend - friend (voc.) - wife страх - страшити - страшний dread, very - to frighten - terrible дух - душити - душно soul, spirit - to strangle - hot, close |
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скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.