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70 Ukrainian: A Comprehensive Grammar There are also masculine nouns that end in -o: although they end in a vowel (as do the examples shown in this section), they decline like masculines in a consonant and are discussed under 2.3.2.2.1. 2.3.2.2 Masculine nouns ending in a consonant: hard stems The masculine declensions are more diverse in the singular than the feminine, in that some of the cases admit more than one ending. Frequently one also finds paradigms in which two or more cases have the same ending; there will be no confusion in practice, however, as the contexts in which such forms occur clarify which case is meant. The full range of hard-stem possibilities is as follows: N. G. D. A. 1. L. V. Singular -0 -a,-y У, -ові -0,-a -ом -і, -у, -ові -є,-у Plural -и -ів -ам -и, -ів -ами -ах = N. Н. Р. д. 3. 0. м. Кл. Note especially the variation allowed within the L.sg. The choice of ending is not entirely haphazard; there are some rules of thumb regarding the various endings possible for the G.D.L. cases, but they must be understood as such: there are always exceptions. GENITIVE SINGULAR People, city names, scientific terminology, leisure activities, units of time, weights and measures tend to take -a, while objects, substances, phenomena and places in nature ('snow', 'forest'), abstract notions, organizations, emotions, and river/country names tend to take -y. As always, a dictionary should be consulted in cases of uncertainty, as the G.sg. is always provided; the following sample forms illustrate the principle: -a -y робітника worker лісу forest, woods чоловіка husband піску sand Івана Ivan інституту institute Чернігова Chernigov снігу snow Києва Kyiv меду honey лоба forehead дощу rain грама gramme прогресу progress дня day ідеалу ideal |
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скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.