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The noun 93 names ending in -о: Дмитро Сороко, Дмитра Сорока, and similar, but Ганна Сороко, Ганни Сороко, and so on. 2.4 SYNTAX OF THE NOUN 2.4.1 THE CASES In this section we examine the occurrence of the noun in all seven cases first without the presence of specific elements (such as prepositions or verbs) that require the use of a particular non-accusative case. As the occurrence of the accusative is most commonly tied to the presence of a verb (and the majority of transitive verbs will involve the accusative case rather than the oblique cases), we must treat the construction 'verb + accusative noun' here: in other words, they are 'unmarked', and basic to the definition of the accusative case. All other cases that are dependent upon the presence of a particular verb are described in the context of the 'Syntax of the Verb'. 2.4.1.1 The nominative case The nominative case is the case of the subject; it is the naming case, as the English and Ukrainian terms indicate: Eng. nomin- < Lat. nomen, nominis 'name', Ukr. назив- < the Ukrainian verb 'to name', 'to call'. (1) A noun-subject is free to occur either before or after a verb because the nominative marker prevents misunderstanding or ambiguity. English, on the other hand, requires fixed word order because the declensional system characteristic of Old English was lost over the centuries: 'The cat saw Peter' does not = 'Peter saw the cat', whereas Ukrainian allows: Петро побачив вовка. and Вовка побачив Петро. Petro saw the wolf. Although the word order can change, the subject is still 'Petro', as this form is in the nominative case. However, even though the basic idea is the same, a change in word order does shift the emphasis: the second version is more likely to mean 'It was Petro who saw the wolf; i.e. new or significant information is placed last. (2) The lack of overt definite/indefinite articles in Ukrainian ('a' and 'the' in English) does not mean that such differentiation cannot be made; indeed, placement of the subject (nominative element) first or last in an utterance makes this possible: Студент стукнув у двері. The student knocked at the door. (The student is a known quantity, what he is doing is new information.) |
Bи можете завантажити дану книгу в DJVU-форматі для ознайомлення:
скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.