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94 Ukrainian: A Comprehensive Grammar У двері стукнув студент. A student knocked at the door. (The student is new information.) (3) A noun in the nominative can appear as a thought on its own, with the verb 'to be' understood: Зима. (It is/was*) winter. Літо. (It is/was*) summer. * depending on context. (4) A subject (noun or pronoun) can be equated with or defined by another noun simply by means of a dash, implying the presence of the verb 'to be' (as in X = Y): Київ - столиця України. Kyiv is the capital of Ukraine. Шевченко (Він) - творець Shevchenko (He) is the creator (father) сучасної української of the modern Ukrainian literary літературної мови. language. Іван - геолог. Ivan is a geologist. Ми - і рядові,... і генерали We - privates (army),... and generals, - солдати. are soldiers. (О. Єфімов) The hyphen is replaced by suitable forms of бути Чо be' for like expressions in the past or future. When a form of this verb is present, the second, or defining, noun can also appear in the instrumental case depending on style; the instrumental can imply a more temporary state - especially with professions (see 'Verbs governing the instrumental case' at 6.4.7.3; see also 8.1.3.3 footnote): Шевченко був поет/поетом, Shevchenko was a poet. Ахматова не fry ль росіянка!росіянкою. Akhmatova was not Russian. Ігор був студентом. Ihor was a student. (5) Finally, a phenomenon that is widely found is that of double-barrelled, hyphenated nouns. The two nouns will always agree in case, number, and gender with one another, whether as subjects or other elements of a statement; this pattern is an economical way to provide information (without the use of conjunctions or relative clauses), as the second element more closely defines or identifies the first element: генерал-полковник, генерал-майор brigadier-general, major-general посланник-нуїщііі envoy, but no ordinary envoy, viz. the Papal nuncio швейцар-бородач a doorman who has a long beard (lit. 'doorman-man with a long beard', Ь. Олійник) |
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скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.