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98 Ukrainian: A Comprehensive Grammar It is also possible for Ukrainian equivalents of such phrases, for example, last year', to be expressed using a prepositional construction with the locative case; this option is described under 2.4.2.2.4. THE PARTITIVE USE OF THE GENITIVE The genitive is frequently used with the direct object when that object is a substance (mass, uncountable, or indivisible matter) in order to express 'some', 'some of \ rather than the item or substance as a whole; the genitive is still used when an element indicating a particular measure is present ('litre of, 'bottle of). Compare: Дайте хліба\ Give (me) (some) bread] Він хоче пити води. Не wants to drink (some) water. Він хоче випити води. Не wants to have a drink of (some) water. склянка чаю a glass of tea літр горілки a litre ofhorilka (= Ukrainian vodka) Compare these examples with the following accusative phrases, which refer to the totality of the substance: Передайте цукор\ Pass the sugar ! (the whole sugar bowl) Вона з'їла хліб. She ate (up) the (loaf, piece of) bread. In the last example the use of a perfective verb indicates the totality of the action (she ate it all up), as does the accusative of the object. It is certainly possible to have an imperfective verb with a genitive object (Вона з'їла хліба, Він хоче випити води): this is one of those instances in which two speakers of Ukrainian may give two different answers to the question 'which aspect?' (see 6.4.3). THE GENITIVE OF NEGATION The genitive can also occur as the case of the direct object, if the action is negated: in 'I did not X (verb) Y (object)' Y will appear in the genitive unless the object is accompanied by an element identifying it as definite; if the object is a person's name (that is, as definite as it can be), then only the accusative will be used: Він продав стіл. Не sold a table. Він не продав стола. Не did not sell a table. Він не продав цей стіл. Не did not sell this table. Лікар прописував ліки. The physician prescribed medicine. Лікар не прописував ліків. The physician did not prescribe medicine. Лікар не прописував ці ліки. The physician did not prescribe this medicine. Ми не бачили Марійку. We did not see Marijka. but compare: Ми ніякої Марійки не бачили. We did not see any Marijka at all (no one of that name). |
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скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.