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124 Ukrainian: A Comprehensive Grammar поза + A. 'to the outside of, 'outside', 'a certain time before' іти поза двері go out, beyond the door поза ці стіни (go) beyond these (four) walls 2.5 SUBSTANTIVAL WORD FORMATION Word formation refers to the processes by which new words are constructed from the pool of linguistic elements (roots, prefixes, suffixes) present in the language. Thus, the English word 'formation' is made up of the verbal element '(to) form' + the suffix '-(a)tion' on the pattern of such verb-noun pairs as 'generate-generation', 'obligate-obligation', etc.; this process is not in fact originally an English one, but one adopted from Latin: formare - N.sg. formation G.sg. formationis, obligare - N.sg. obligatio, G.sg. obligationis, and so on. When we refer to such processes of word formation, it is customary to specify the nature of the building blocks: thus, a 'desubstantival' noun is one 'built from a noun or nouns'; similarly, the terms 'deadjectival', 'deverbal' mean that a given form is based upon adjectival or verbal stems, respectively. A familiarization with the elements that are used in word formation, and with their general meanings, makes the process of acquiring vocabulary (especially elements of more sophisticated lexicon) easier and more systematic. However, just knowing the origin of the elements of a word does not guarantee that the meaning of a derived form will equal the sum of its parts. Thus, for example, о-бач-ення could be segmented as 'look + around', but in fact means 'consideration', 'care': i.e. 'looking around' in a figurative sense; knowing the processes of word formation therefore gives us linguistic tools which must be handled with care. In the following sections we shall examine the major patterns of substantival word formation typical of the Ukrainian language: prefixation, suffix- ation, and compounding. The ultimate source of every example is not always described, as it can often have different interpretations: thus, for example, 'desubstantival' forms may be based on a substantive that is itself derived from an adjective (for example, без-ум-н-ість < ум-н-ість < -ум-н-ий < -ум-, in which the progression is one of substantive > adjective > substantive > substantive). For our purposes, forms are identified as 'deadjectival' only where the source is clearly only or originally adjectival. 2.5.1 SUFFIXAL WORD FORMATION The formation of new substantives (from other substantives) using suffixes only is very common; new prefixed forms typically involve the presence of suffixes as well, therefore suffixation is introduced first. Suffixes borrowed from West European languages that are clear to the learner (for example, |
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скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.