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130 Ukrainian: A Comprehensive Grammar -к-а is frequently encountered in Ukrainian; in some words this suffix (-к- + ending -a in this instance) has clear semantic functions, while in others (especially those formed from verbs) it merely serves to produce new nouns reflecting the process or result of an action. deverbal: бійка 'scuffle', 'fight', знахідка 'a find', 'something found', чистка (= чищення) 'cleaning', заслінка 'cover for cooker/stove', зарубка 'cut', 'incision' (compare зарубина, зарубинка 'incision', 'little incision' respectively), закуска 'snack'. In reference to people, the following express a degree of irony and occur (albeit infrequently) primarily in the spoken language: писака 'scribbler', гуляка (= гультяй, гультяйка) 'reveller'. desubstantival: the suffix is used (1) as a marker of a female person, often in place of or in addition to the masculine suffixes -ець, -ин, -(ан)ич (see above): москвичка 'woman from Moscow', грузинка 'a Georgian woman', бельгійка 'a Belgian woman', німка 'a German woman', журналістка 'female journalist'. (2) as a marker of an individual piece of a substance or item: шоколадка 'a piece of chocolate', таблетка 'a tablet'. (3) as a marker of a diminutive form or of endearment: берізка 'little birch tree', доріжка '(foot)path', конячка 'a bit of cognac', ягідка 'small berry'. Note the compounding of this suffix onto the suffix -иця (above) in the following: водичка diminutive of вода, водиця, рукавичка 'little mitten'. (4) in forming a slightly pejorative variant of personal names: Колька < Коля. deadjectival: the suffix is added to a small number of adjectival stems in reference to names of newspapers or everyday items whose full designations are made up of adjective + noun: вечірка 'evening newspaper', літературка 'literary newspaper', електричка '(a local service) electric train'. COMPOUND SUFFIXES WITH -к-а: -лка expresses a tool used in a particular activity or the place in which it takes place; both of these are deverbal constructions: вішалка 'place to hang clothes or a coat' (more often вішало), віялка 'winnowing machine', грілка 'an apparatus for heating (objects, not living space)'; see -льня below. -очка, -ечка is found in diminutive forms of nouns or names in -ок, -ка: вазочка 'little vase', кісточка 'small bone'. -КИ is a little-used suffix, found in two basic constructions formed primarily from verbs: (i) expressing the result of (or physical remains resulting from) an action and (ii) in names of games or events: висівки 'siftings', недоїдки 'leftovers (from a meal)', ошурки 'filings', 'dust from filing', |
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скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.