134 Ukrainian: A Comprehensive Grammar (і) гладуха Tat woman', шептуха 'gossipy woman'. (ii) жовтуха (= жовтяниця) 'jaundice', краснуха 'children's disease, in which the skin breaks out in a red rash'. (iii) показуха 'showing something as being better than it is in reality'. -це forms diminutives from base neuter nouns: віконце 'little window', дільце 'small matter', 'thing', сінце 'a little hay', слівце 'a single word'. -ця (-дзя) gives base nouns or names a sense of endearment: кумця 'dear (little) godmother', Гандзя 'Hanna' (affectionately used). -чак is unproductive, and forms isolated nouns denoting male persons associated with the meaning of the base adjective: весельчак (= веселун, сміхун) 'jolly fellow', смільчак (= сміливець) 'daredevil', 'bold man'. -чик, -щик denote a male person, in reference to his occupation or activities; they are not productive, and most such forms owe their existence or continued presence in Ukrainian to the influence of Russian: банщик 'one who works in а баня (sauna)', льотчик (= пілот) 'pilot', 'flier'. Isolated words can also designate tools or instruments used in the activity described by the base word: тральщик 'a fishing boat fitted with a dragnet (трал)'. -чик is a marker of diminutives, and can impart a sense of endearment to base nouns: костюмчик '(cute) little suit (of clothing)', стаканчик (= скляночка) 'little glass'. -чиця is the feminine marker corresponding to -чик (and as such is as rare as the masculine suffix): льотчиця 'woman pilot'. -(СС)я, in which CC = 'geminated/lengthened consonant', the suffix is extremely common, as it is used in the formation of abstract and collective nouns from a variety of stems: verbal, adjectival (although these are the rarest formations), as well as substantival. The most common realizations of this formula are -ння from verbal stems; other possible formations are illustrated in the examples below (for example, -лля, -ття, -сся). deverbal: звертання 'turning back', 'aside', призначення 'destination', 'fate', викладання 'lecturing', 'explaining', досягнення 'attainment', представлення 'introduction', відганяння 'driving away', розбиття 'ruin', 'shipwreck', життя 'life', розлиття 'shedding', 'overflowing', почуття 'feeling', 'perception'. deadjectival: мокряччя 'something wet', 'swampy', величчя 'greatness', 'grandeur', весілля 'wedding'. desubstantival: картоплиння 'potatoes', підземелля 'cave', 'underground place', підпілля 'underground', 'underground movement', малоліття 'minority (age)', волосся 'hair', 'head of hair', різноголосся 'discord', 'the sound of voices not singing together', браття 'brethren', межиріччя 'land between (two) rivers', сторіччя (= століття) 'century', бездушшя (= бездушність) 'soullessness', 'insensibility'.
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