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3 THE ADJECTIVE 3.0 GENERAL Adjectives are conventionally seen as words which describe or qualify nouns and subdivided into qualitative and relative adjectives, to which one might add possessive adjectives (those based on nouns we treat here, those on pronouns are dealt with in Chapter 4), and ordinal numerals (dealt with in Chapter 5). The last two might in certain respects be grouped with the relative adjectives - this may be seen from some of the examples of relative adjectives below. Giving adjectives in their citation form, the nominative singular masculine, we note that qualitative adjectives generally tell us something of the inherent features of a person or thing, for example: червоний red слабий sick, weak веселий happy солодкий sweet, lovely мудрий wise високий high Relative adjectives are derived from, and thus relate to, other things, in other words describe something in terms of something else, thus: дерев'яний wooden, of wood (= дерево wood, tree, з дерева (made) of wood) ведмежий of a bear (= ведмідь bear) сьогоднішній today's (= сьогодні today) місцевий local (= місце place) сотий hundredth (= сто hundred, an ordinal, but formally an adjective) сестрин sister's (= сестра sister) See 3.3 on the formation of adjectives. Relative adjectives do not normally permit the derivation of abstract nouns, and do not have comparative and superlative forms. From the tables below it will be clear that Ukrainian adjectives share one set of endings, but that these endings are added to a stem terminating either in a hard consonant or in a soft consonant, with consequences for spelling (and pronunciation).7 The only special group, entirely a consequence of spelling and pronunciation, is formed by those whose stem terminates in -ц-, namely the adjective куций 'short(-tailed)' and compound adjectives in -лйций '(-)faced' (see 3.14). Soft-stem adjectives are characterized by -ій in the citation form and are almost exclusively relative adjectives, ending in -ній, |
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скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.