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206 Ukrainian: A Comprehensive Grammar Imperfective Perfective Meaning НА- писати написати to write лити налити to pour малювати намалювати to paint, depict ПРО- читати прочитати to read чистити прочистити to clean 3- їсти з'їсти to eat нудити знудити to tire, bore The intersection of prefixation, stress, and aspect is one of the more complex sides of Ukrainian grammar, as there are many instances in which a given form is either (a) not the aspect that one expects, or (b) not semantically compatible with a seemingly related form or partner. Thus, злазити Чо crawl', 'creep (down)' is not the perfective partner of * лазити, but the imperfective partner of злізти; compare the analogous пролазити-пролізти Чо crawl through or over', and намерзати - намерзнути Чо freeze'. For a complete inventory of verbal prefixes and their meanings, see 6.5.1. 6.2.2 TYPE 2: -йти: -ати In the -йти: -ати (-йти: -йти) pairs it is the perfective that may be considered the basic form, but this is very often not obvious; as it is basic, however, we cite the perfective first. If the consonant preceding -йти can mutate (see 1.1.9), it will do so in the generation of the imperfective (the fact that there is a mutation in the imperfective indicates that it is the perfective that is basic); here are some typical -ати: -йти pairs: Perfective навчити кінчити озарити доставити лишити появитися змістити схилити утратити пригостити Imperfective навчати кінчати озаряти доставляти лишати появлятися зміщати схиляти утрачати пригощати Meaning to teach, instruct to finish to illuminate to provide to abandon, leave to appear to contain, include to incline, bend down to lose to entertain, receive (a guest) |
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скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.