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The verb 211 6.3.0 THE INFINITIVE The infinitive is that form which is typically listed first in dictionaries, that is, the 'citation' (or 'dictionary') form. It is the unchanging form of a verb that is expressed in English by means of 'to': 'to do', 'to read', 'to work', and so on. The Ukrainian infinitive marker is -ти in every verb, with no exception: говорити to speak ходити to go, walk читати to read везти to convey (by vehicle) Verbs that are inherently reflexive and/or intransitive and require the presence of the marker -ся (= German sich, French se, Polish sie, and so on) simply have this element added to the end of any form of the verb, including the infinitive: умитися Чо wash oneself, vs. умити Чо wash something or someone'; the use of these verbs is described in detail in 6.4.2 and 6.4.4.3. 6.3.1 THE NON-PAST There are two conjugations in Ukrainian, sharing most endings but differentiated in many forms by the 'connector' vowel that appears between the stem of the verb and the ending itself (in Conjugation I this is -e-, in Conjugation II -И-). An analogy with English is impossible, as the conjugational system has become exceptionally streamlined over the centuries; thus, in 'he read-s', there is but a stem read- and an ending -s, whereas Ukrainian will generally have a connector vowel between them. Within the two major conjugations there are numerous stem types, and every stem type belongs to only one of the conjugations. A familiarity with stem types will allow the learner to recognize and acquire many new verbs as they are encountered, especially as the infinitive, or 'dictionary' form, often gives no hint as to how the verb is conjugated; it may look just like another verb, but then conjugate differently. Knowing to which type a verb belongs is exceptionally useful as all forms of the verb can be generated from the one stem alone, by applying a number of simple rules that will be given throughout this chapter. In the following description of forms, the person and number of the verb are expressed as: \sg. = I (i.e. first-person singular) 2sg. - you (one person) 3sg. = he, she, it \pl. = we (first-person plural) 2pl. = you (more than one person, or singular polite; cf. German Sic) 3pl. = they Typically it is the infinitive of a verb that is the primary focus for learners, precisely because this is the form cited in dictionaries. One cannot always tell |
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скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.