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The verb 231 Note that if the verbal stem ends in a consonant д, т, з, с, л, or н then a soft sign appears after that consonant, in all forms. Note also that the vowel и occurs in the imperative of the пити type; in the non-past there is no vowel before the personal endings, but as the Isg. imperative ending is zero a vowel is required in the stem. C крикнути: крикни, крикніть, крикнім! щезнути: щезни мислити: мисли (to consider, think) D уставати: уставай, уставайте, уставаймо! продавати: продавай (to sell) узнавати: узнавай (to recognize, admit) IRREGULAR VERBS дати: дай, дайте, даймо! їсти: їж, їжте, їжмо! Imperatives are not formed from the -повісти stems; thus, for оповісти Чо relate', відповісти Чо answer', an imperative will be formed from the corresponding imperfective: оповідай! відповідай! One final form requires a short note, viz. the imperatives of стояти Чо stand' and боятися Чо fear': although they are end-stressed (стою, стоїш, and so on), the stems are стой-, бой-; in the presence of a zero ending о becomes i, as seen in the masculine past tense of verbs such as могти - міг. Thus: стій, стійте, стіймо! бійся, бійтеся, біймося! 6.3.5 PARTICIPLES AND GERUNDS As a general principle, participles and gerunds are a feature of written (especially journalistic) Ukrainian rather than of the spoken language, and most need only be recognized; others are more frequently encountered, however, and require attention. Ukrainian participles are adjectival in form (i.e. used with adjectival endings, compare Chapter 3). 6.3.5.1 Active participles (present and past) Of the four participles historically present in Ukrainian, the present active (PrAP.) and past active (PAP.) now exist as purely adjectival forms; this is true also of the present passive participle, but their number is now extremely small. The past passive (PPP.) is the the most widely occurring form; whereas the formation of the PrAP. and PAP. is no longer productive (i.e. since they are readily identified as adjectives and not every verb will have a PrAP. or PAP), a given verb will readily form the PPP. |
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скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.