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238 Ukrainian: A Comprehensive Grammar Батько любить читати (газету). Father loves reading (to read) (the newspaper). The infinitive often occurs in impersonal constructions, in which the sense expressed varies according to the presence or absence of other elements. The presence of an element in the dative case clearly emphasizes the person at whom the verbal action is directed: Тут нам жити легко. It is easy for us to live here. Куди (мені) йти? Where can (I) go? (lit. Where is there for me/one to go?) Що (мені) робити? What can one (I) do? Whereas the absence of the dative allows the infinitive to be interpreted as a subjectival element, even if the speaker/writer intended it to be seen as an impersonal statement: Тут жити легко. Living here is easy. Де сховатися від ворога? Where can one hide from the enemy? In the second example the absence of the dative does not affect the status of the construction, as the interrogative element де? causes it to retain its 'impersonal' focus. A statement beginning with сховатися від ворога ... would on the other hand clearly be subjectival: 'hiding from the wind ...'. The inclusion of the element було (neuter past of бути 'to be') injects a modal sense, with or without an accompanying form in the dative case; in such instances there is an understood треба 'must', можна 'could', 'might', and such. Note the possible difference between sentences with and without не, expressing 'should/would' and 'could', respectively: He говорити було з нею ... It would have been better not to speak with her ... Було вам прочитати .. . You could have read . . . He було вам прочитати . .. You should not have read ... As against, again, a purely neutral sense: He пізнати (булб) чому .. . One can (could) not tell why .. . An understood or implied modal is also present in constructions consisting of the conjunction якщо 'if (cf. 8.1.3.3) + infinitive: Якщо вибирати між красою і правдою, я вибираю красу. If (I had/have to) choose between beauty and truth, I choose beauty. (О. Довженко) One further use of the infinitive in the predicate expresses the idea of a 'goal', 'desire', or 'in order to': |
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скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.