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10 Ukrainian: A Comprehensive Grammar adverb adverbial participle article aspiration cardinal case collective conjugation dative declension definite direct object ending gender genitive gerund hard imperative indefinite modifies action, answers the question 'how': 'He reads slowly', 'John does this weir see 'gerund'. 'the book' (definite); 'a library' (indefinite), the puff of air which accompanies the pronunciation of sounds to varying extents, e.g. in standard English 'p' at the beginning of a word is accompanied by quite noticeable aspiration; this is not a feature of Ukrainian in such sounds as/?, t, k, when they are hard, but is present to some extent in palatalized consonants, numeral indicating how many (one, two ...). form of a word (noun, adjective, pronoun) showing the function of that word in a sentence, expressed by an ending. a form referring to a group, e.g. of people, inflection of the verb by means of endings to indicate who or what is carrying out the action: 'John reads' (vs. 'I read'), Микола читаг. case of the indirect object, set of case endings (see 'case' above), see 'article' above. thing/person at which a verbal action is directed: 'She bought the book', 'We saw Johri. element(s) added to the stem of a word: book + s, книжк + а, пол + e; an ending in Ukrainian can be 'zero': брат (+ zero). 'natural' gender: distinction of sex (male-female), 'grammatical' gender: distinction of declensional types according to the ending in the nominative singular. case of possession, often English 'of: 'the capital of England9, 'England's capital', an -ing form of a verb which means the same as 'when, if, because ...', e.g., 'Looking through the window, Joan saw just what she had been looking for' (= 'When she was looking ...'), 'They were so tired they went to bed without undressing' (= a negative adverbial participle); a synonymous term is 'adverbial participle', or 'verbal adverb', in reference to consonants: not soft/palatalized, the verb form used to convey commands:' Write this down immediately!' see 'article'. |
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скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.