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254 Ukrainian: A Comprehensive Grammar Умившись та одягнувшись, Having washed and dressed herself, дочка поснідала. (my, the) daughter had breakfast. Провівши два роки в Росії, він Having spent two years in Russia, тепер дуже добре говорить he now speaks Russian very well. російською. Діждавшись слушного часу, він Having waited for the right time, he зробив так, як порадив батько. did as his father advised. Ішовши до театру, ми зустріли While walking to the theatre, we друзів. met friends. Note that the last example is an imperfective, which could easily be replaced by the corresponding present gerund; as in the case of present gerunds, the past forms can be replaced by the коли construction, or by після того, як + verb phrase. Gerunds can assume properties typical of an adverb (hence the alternate designation 'verbal adverbs'); adverbialized gerunds are examined in 7.6. 6.4.5.1 не + gerunds A negated gerund is not difficult to understand, but is translated into English using the word 'without'; conversely, rendering an English gerundial construction into Ukrainian must not be done literally (i.e. using без 'without'): не зважаючи на те, що ... without paying attention to the fact, that... не діждавшись відповіді... without having waited for the answer ... 6.4.6 THE CONDITIONAL 'Conditional' constructions may be termed either 'real' or 'unreal'. 'Real' conditions involve 'if-then' propositions, where one situation follows from the first. Thus: Якщо піде, (то) не підемо на If it rains, (then) we won't go to the пікнік. picnic. 'Unreal' conditions will involve the 'conditional' mood (subjunctive in many languages), in which the propositions are hypothetical or express a desire or wish - which may or may not be fulfilled. The Ukrainian construction is very simple, involving the particle би, б + past tense form of the verb; it is important to note here that the verb itself is not necessarily expressing true past tense: the form is simply required (for historical reasons) with the particle. As a rule, би will follow a word ending in a consonant, while б follows a vowel: Я хотів би піти додому. І would like to go home. Я хотіла б піти додому. (masc. and fern., respectively) |
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скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.