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282 Ukrainian: A Comprehensive Grammar Z) happened'. A few of these gerunds have been reanalysed as adverbs focusing not on the action, but on the position of the actor during another action. The three adverbs of this kind most commonly encountered are forms of сидіти 'sit', стояти 'stand', and лежати 'lie'; their identity as adverbs is a function (i) of stress, which is different from the place of stress in the gerund, and (ii) of their position in a sentence. Gerund Adverb сидячи сидячи стоячи стоячи лежачи лежачи Compare the following examples, in which the gerund occurs with a verbal adjunct, the adverb on its own; note that punctuation can reveal the difference as well - particularly when a sentence begins with the gerund clause. Gerund: Сидячи в кріслі, він читав газету. (While) sitting in an armchair, he read the newspaper. Adverb: Він читав сидячи. He read in a sitting position (seated). Gerund: Стоячи в черзі, вони розмовляли. (While) standing in a queue, they had a conversation. Adverb: Батько випив каву стоячи. Father drank up (his) coffee standing up (in a standing position). Gerund: Ольга слухала радіо лежачи на дивані. Ol'ha listened to the radio (while) lying on the sofa. Adverb: He їж лежачи! Don't eat in a lying position/lying down! A very few present active participles have also been adverbialized by affixing the grammatical marker -e; thus: рішуче decisively, decidedly боляче painfully, aching терпляче patiently, with patience нетерпляче impatiently 7.7 ADVERBIAL COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives can be used adverbially in the form of the nominative singular neuter (compare 3.2.1 and 3.2.2); they are used as one would use any other deadjectival adverb: |
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скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.