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The conjunction 293 8.1.3.1 Noun or final clauses, and indirect speech The most general link is що 4hat\ as in: Ми добре знаємо, що вона буде тут завтра. We know perfectly well that she will be here tomorrow. Учитель пояснює учням, що англійська мова легша, ніж українська. The teacher explains to the pupils that English is easier than Ukrainian. We can call these 'noun clauses' because the whole subordinate clause is akin to a noun or noun phrase, as if the first might be 'We well know her coming tomorrow'. One sometimes encounters the conjunction як, the second most general Ukrainian conjunction, in similar sentences, but note the difference, though the second remains interpretable nominally: Я бачу, що він шукає ножа. І can see [that] he's looking for the knife. Я бачу, як він шукає ножа. І can see him looking for the knife. Similar is the construction to convey indirect or reported speech. We simply have to note that here Ukrainian on the whole retains the tense of the assumed original statement.15 Вона каже, що готова поїхати до Харкова. She says she's ready to set off for Kharkiv. Вона каже, що сподівалася провести кілька днів на пляжі. She says she was hoping to spend several days on the beach. Вона каже, що читатиме вірші сьогодні ввечері. She says she'll be reading the verses this evening. Вона сказала, що готова поїхати до Харкова. She said she was ready to set off for Kharkiv. Вона сказала, що сподівалася провести кілька днів на пляжі. She said she had been hoping to spend several days on the beach. Вона сказала, що читатиме вірші сьогодні ввечері. She said she would be reading the verses this evening. Thus, if the verb of the main clause is in the non-past, there is no difference between Ukrainian and English, but if the verb of the main clause is in the past, then there may be a difference, with Ukrainian having one set of subordinate clauses as against the two of English. Do note that, where both verbs are in the past, both may be translated as past: 'She said she was hoping to |
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скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.