Головна
Гуманітарні
| Попередня | Наступна |
|
22 Ukrainian: A Comprehensive Grammar Although the apostrophe is meant to indicate that a preceding consonant is hard, in practice one might occasionally hear a soft articulation; see 1.1.8. 1.1 THE PRONUNCIATION AND SOUND SYSTEM OF UKRAINIAN 1.1.1 PREAMBLE The preceding paragraphs begged a few questions on, among other things, stress, the role of the soft sign, the use of the apostrophe, the opposition of voiced and voiceless consonants, the opposition of hard and soft consonants, consonantal and vocalic alternations, the assimilation and simplification of consonantal groups, and intonation. We treat these after a general presentation of the sound system, or phonology, of Ukrainian, starting with a schematic outline of the phonemes. 1.1.2 THE VOWEL SYSTEM Front (Central) Back High/close і u High-mid і Open-mid є о Low/open a The vowels as given are phonemes, but using the phonetic symbols which correspond most closely to their predominant phonetic incidence, i.e. as chief allophones. The major areas of variation apply to unstressed [і, є]. These two tend to approximate to each other. Moreover, unstressed [o] before stressed [u] (and at times even [i]) may narrow to [u] or [ow] or, perhaps better, to [o]. Otherwise pronunciation is essentially as given, with variation consisting in accommodation to contiguous sounds. The phoneme [i] is occasionally also symbolized as [i], which is however properly a high central vowel, as in Russian, and hence misleading. Given that it is meaningful to isolate phonemes, as above, then this needs to be given some measure of justification. There is no problem with /a, d, u, i/, in that they can stand as independent words. The phoneme /є/ can be justified by adducing minimal pairs, for example, пара 'pair' - пера 'feathers', 'pens'. This leaves /i/. Put most simply, this candidate seems weaker since it cannot be an independent word and never occurs at the very beginning of a word. So, given that /i/ occurs word-initially and after soft consonants, while III occurs only after hard consonants, we might seem to have a case of complementary distribution, with [i] an allophone of a phoneme /i/. Again, we might say that certain people pronounce [i] after hard consonants (i.e. where і alternates with o) and palatals (or certain soft consonants), for example, ніс 'nose', |
Bи можете завантажити дану книгу в DJVU-форматі для ознайомлення:
скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.