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24 Ukrainian: A Comprehensive Grammar represents mode or manner of articulation (the extent or type of constriction of the oral cavity). The two vertical pairs in certain columns are respectively voiceless and voiced. The horizontal pairs within certain columns represent respectively hard or non-palatalized and soft or palatalized consonants. The small superscript [j] indicates softness or palatalization, that is the articulation, simultaneous with the articulation of the consonant, of a palatal element. The consonants as given are phonemes; each one also has a phonetic reality as a sole or chief allophone as appropriate; several also have subsidiary allophones. Arguably, the representation of the phonemes in this manner is misleading, in that it suggests some phonetic reality; however, our experience is that from a practical point of view such a representation is both generally accessible and also to some extent represents the speakers' psychological reality. What may surprise is that the labials, labio-dentals, palatals (except for [j]), and velars are not paired for palatalization in the table. Essentially they are seen only to occur in a semi-soft variant, before [i]; however, at least [ft] might be felt to contrast with [P], for example, сват 'kinsman', 'matchmaker' свят- 'holy'. (Note that ULVN indicates the preferred pronunciation of the initial sequence св- here as cV, i.e. as [&ft]). One opinion, conveyed by Shevchenko 1993: 55, is to see this whole series as a 'peripheral subsystem'; such adhockery is often resorted to, though it is unnecessary. Finally, we know that a good number of Ukrainian consonants occur as long consonants. These may be quite straightforwardly seen as geminates and hence as sequences of two consonants. 1.1.4 STRESS The acute accent placed over certain vowel letters marks the primary stress; a grave accent marks a secondary stress, restricted to compound words. We will not mark the stress on monosyllabic words. It is not in any case ever marked in normal written Ukrainian, except in grammars, courses, and where a word's meaning depends on the stress, for example, замок castle замок lock обід circle, hoop обід lunch плакати to weep плакати posters (N.A./?/.) пера feathers, pens (N. A.pl.) пера of the feather, pen (G.sg.) води waters (N.A.pl.) води water (G.sg.) насипати to pour in (perf.) насипати to pour in (imperf.)3 In the transcription, which we use sparingly, we denote the stress by a superscript short vertical (secondary stress by a subscript short vertical), inserting it into monosyllables as appropriate. On the whole we place the stress mark immediately before the stressed vowel; another approach places the stress before the consonant or consonants (groups including sonorants may be |
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скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.