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Sounds and spelling 25 split) preceding the stressed vowel, in other words roughly indicating syllable rather than vowel stress. There is no general rule as to where the stress falls in a Ukrainian word; you must learn it as you go along, and be prepared to find it moving from syllable to syllable in some words (where there seems to be variation or a choice, we give two stresses for a word). It is worth noting that there is a tendency in modern Ukrainian to transfer the stress of three- or more- syllable first-declension nouns (ending in -a) to the endings in the plural, for example, маківка - маківки (-ам, -ами, -ах) poppy head/flower Others are: наймичка maid маківочка small poppy head/flower ластівка swallow (dim.) ластівочка swallow (dim.) ягідка small berry товаришка comrade (fern.) This may even be found in a few two-syllable nouns: хустка neckerchief дівка girl книжка book річка river The vowels [a] and [o] are pronounced clearly whether stressed or unstressed. However, before [u] and [i] (particularly but not always stressed) an unstressed [o] may acquire a [u]-like quality: онуком grandson (l.sg.) довідатися to find out полумисок platter нотувати to note down ми побігли we ran off своїм one's (l.sg. m./n.) When unstressed, the vowel [є] may be pronounced somewhat like [i] and the vowel [i] may approximate to [є]: мене me (A.G.) мені me (D.L.) сестра sister перемога victory університет university технічний technical механік mechanic медицина medicine 1.1.5 VOICED AND VOICELESS CONSONANTS, ASSIMILATION In Ukrainian, as in many other languages, there are voiced and voiceless consonants. It is possible to classify them in pairs. Thus: [p] [f] [t] [tJ] fsl - [b] - M - [d] - [*] - И = = = = = п Ф T ть c 6 в Д ДЬ 3 (but see 1.1.3 and below) |
Bи можете завантажити дану книгу в DJVU-форматі для ознайомлення:
скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.