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The noun 49 which feminine equivalents also exist (see 2.5 on suffixal word formation). Thus, for example, киян-ин, робіт-нйк, регот-ун ('one who laughs'), and so on, are masculine by virtue of the presence of the suffixes -ин, -ник, -ун. When faced with a compound title, like інженер-будівельник, lit. 'engineer- builder', the former element - which can refer to either gender - takes precedence; the new compound can refer to men and women, while будівельник on its own is less likely to do so. This rule of thumb is broken in very specific circumstances, notably when professional ranks or positions are involved; thus, науковий співробітник 'a scientific collaborator', can refer to male or female persons, although співробітник on its own will tend to be masculine. We shall mention these suffixes only in passing for the moment, only as they relate to or indicate gender; they are described in a comprehensive manner in 2.5 ('word formation'). 2.1.1.2 Forms in a final hard labial (б, п, в, м, ф) or ш, ч, щ, ж (all hard) can be masculine or feminine In the course of the development of the Ukrainian sound system, final labial consonants and ш, ч, щ, ж hardened: for example, at an early stage in the language 'blood' was written кровь, but [vj] hardened to [v], and, as a result, the soft sign ь was no longer written at the end of the word. This might suggest that кровь is masculine, as there are also masculine nouns with final labials and ui, and so on, and the feminine nouns must be learnt as they are encountered; the best way to assimilate such words as 'feminines' is to learn them together with their G.sg. form (see 2.3.1.4). The following are examples of such forms: кров blood ніч night подорож journey річ thing, object Compare the following masculines: викладач lecturer ніж knife плач weeping, lamenting плащ overcoat рукав sleeve There are, naturally, occasionally suffixal hints that indicate that a given form is masculine, for example, -ач, which expresses 'a male doer of X', or -(т)ив, found in numerous borrowings (детектив 'detective', примітив 'primitive (painting)'); more on these elements is to be found in 2.5. |
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скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.