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52 Ukrainian: A Comprehensive Grammar студентка female student цибуля onion Some of the above-mentioned are marked as feminines by the presence of the suffix -ка; this is commonly found in feminines corresponding to the masculine -ин and -ець, for example, киянка, українка, and others (compare the masculines above). Similarly, the suffix -ниця signals a feminine noun, and is the feminine element corresponding to masculine -ник: письменниця authoress (cf. письменник) робітниця worker (female) Compare also the expressive suffix -yxa, which can correspond to masculine -ун: реготуха 'merry person', 'one who laughs', masc. товстун 'fat (male) person', fern, товстуха 'fat (female) person'. 2.1.2.2 Common gender words ending in -а/-я In addition to the words of 'common gender' ending in a consonant (see above), there is also a group of nouns in -а/-я that can be so described; a very few of these nouns can be based upon borrowings from other languages, but tend in the main to be native constructions: замазура каліка колега крутиголова листоноша невдаха просторіка п'яниця слуга сіромаха тихоня slovenly person disabled person colleague meddling, persistent person post(man) failure garrulous, talkative person drunkard servant poor, wretched person (also: сірома) quiet person Many nouns of this kind, especially those containing the suffixes -xa, -yxa, are of an expressive nature (see 2.5 for a detailed inventory of suffixes); as language is constantly changing, so will this element of the vocabulary: it is productive and dependent on the spoken language. As such, this part of the vocabulary is open to constant expansion, change, and reassignment: one example that might be mentioned here is всезнайка 'know-it-all', which is cited in one very recent source as a common gender noun in -a (HUM 1993). In two older sources, however, it is given as всезнайко/усезнайко (SUM and UAS), in addition to which it is identified as 'masculine', not 'common gender' or 'masculine/feminine' as one might expect; both forms are currently acceptable. Less expressive nouns, such as колега and слуга, are less likely to |
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скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.