Головна
Гуманітарні
| Попередня | Наступна |
|
58 Ukrainian: A Comprehensive Grammar закуска-антре snack, bite to eat (here the Ukrainian noun is present in initial position) 2.2 NUMBER The vast majority of Ukrainian nouns have 'number'; that is, their endings reflect 'singularity' or 'plurality'. In this respect, Ukrainian is like all European languages, from English to French, Polish and Russian to Finnish: 'table' (singular), 'tables' (plural). The exceptions to this pattern are those words of foreign origin which, for reasons outlined in 2.3, are indeclinable; as they cannot take part in the Ukrainian declensional system, they cannot reflect number either. In such nouns it is context alone (an accompanying adjective or verb form) that will indicate whether the given form represents just one or more than one item. Markers of number, singular vs. plural, are described for each noun type in 2.3, in the context of the declensional system as a whole. 2.3 THE CASES: BASIC MEANINGS The noun, adjective, pronoun, and numeral are declined in Ukrainian, as they are in German, Latin, Russian, and many other languages; this means that they have case endings which show the function of a particular word in a sentence (for example, as subject, object, and so on). The only nouns that will not decline are those listed in 2.1.3.3 and 2.1.4. The basic meanings of the seven cases, listed below in English and Ukrainian ('case' відмінок), are as follows: nominative - називний The case of the subject (7 read a book'). accusative - знахідний The case of the direct object ('I read a book'; T saw hiiri). genitive - родовий The case of possession ('the beginning of the day9; 'Ivan's book'). dative - давальний The case of the indirect object ('I sent the letter to Natasha9). locative - місцевий The case of location or 'place where' ('He lives in Kiev9). instrumental - орудний The case of instrument or accompaniment ('with Ivan', 'by means ofX9). vocative - кличний The case used in addressing someone {'Ivan!9 will have an ending here) |
Bи можете завантажити дану книгу в DJVU-форматі для ознайомлення:
скачати Stefan M. Pugh and Ian Press. Ukrainian: a comprehensive grammar.